Short history

Hawaiʻi’s unique island ecosystems evolved in isolation over millions of years, leading to the establishment of thousands of flora and fauna found nowhere else on Earth. However, the introduction of non-native species has severely disrupted these ecological systems. Hooved mammals (ungulates) were brought to the Hawaiian Islands at various times by Polynesian voyagers, European colonizers, and government efforts. These introductions occurred over centuries and were often driven by agricultural, economic, or cultural purposes. Today, these invasive mammals pose a serious threat to Hawaiʻi’s biodiversity, watersheds, and agriculture.