Summary

Invasive ungulates such as deer, feral pigs, goats, and sheep are causing significant damage to agriculture, property, and natural resources in Hawaiʻi, where these animals are not native. A statewide survey of livestock producers revealed that the total annual cost of ungulate-related damage, control, and repairs was estimated at $1.42 million among respondents, and up to $7.5 million when extrapolated statewide. Key cost factors included property damage, pastureland repair, predation of calves by wild pigs, and expenses for control measures and supplemental feed. Fence installation alone accounted for over $2 million in upfront costs, with most expenses concentrated on Hawaiʻi Island and Molokaʻi. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted management strategies to support the most affected producers.